This article revisits theoretical efforts to classify interstate conflicts. It analyses South America and discuss the adequacy of influential interpretations about the intensity of interstate conflicts in the region as compared to global or other regions ones. The literature takes for granted that South America is a peaceful region. Such interpretation results from the indicators adopted. We argue that traditional indicators do not fully capture latent tensions and the actual level of conflicts in the region. The article suggests an alternative taxonomy that better fits the South America context and argues that a research agenda on the extent and nature of interstate conflics is needed.

This study was carried out to evaluate the creatine and maltodextrine dietetic supplementation of eventing horses. The experimental period consisted of 56 days, with 20 horses, which were randomly divided into four groups with different diets. Diets were: diet without supplement (Control); diet supplemented with creatine, 44.4 mg/kg body weight/day (20 g creatine/horse/day); diet supplemented with creatine, 88.8 mg/kg body weight/day (40 g creatine/horse/day); diet supplemented with maltodextrine, 222.2 mg/kg body weight/day (100 g/horse/day), during three days before each test. Every horse was submitted to three tests. Blood samples and heart rate were collected at rest, immediately after the tests and 10 and 20 minutes after the test. Supplementation with creatine (44.4 mg/kg body weight/day) and maltodextrine reduced plasma concentration of lactate in horses during tests. Supplementation of creatine and maltodextrine did not alter serum concentration of aspartate aminotransferase, γ-glutamyltransferase, urea or creatinine, but training affected blood biochemical variables in eventing horses.

Objetivou-se avaliar os parâmetros fisiológicos, hematológicos e bioquímicos de equinos de concurso completo de equitação consumindo dieta contendo óleo de soja e submetidos a testes de esforço físico. Foram utilizados 12 equinos em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com duas dietas e seis repetições. As dietas utilizadas foram: dieta sem inclusão de óleo de soja (controle); dieta com inclusão de 10% de óleo de soja. O ensaio teve duração de 82 dias e incluiu três testes de esforço físico: ao início, no 60º e no 82º dia. Em cada teste, foram realizadas cinco coletas de dados: antes do teste com os animais em repouso; imediatamente após o teste; e 10, 20 e 120 minutos após os testes. Foram avaliadas a temperatura corporal e a frequência cardíaca e realizadas coletas de amostras de sangue para análises hematológicas e bioquímicas. Os valores médios dos parâmetros fisiológicos, hematológicos e bioquímicos foram submetidos à análise não-paramétrica. Somente ao longo do tempo de consumo das dietas, a inclusão do óleo de soja somente alterou a concentração de γ-glutamil transferase (GGT) e creatinina. O tempo de treinamento físico tem efeito no condicionamento dos equinos, que melhora com a redução da concentração de lactato, e na concentração de glicose, que aumentou no teste de esforço físico.

The objective of this study was to the evaluate physiological, hematological and biochemical parameters of eventing horses fed diets containing soybean oil and submitted to physical effort tests. Twelve horses were used in a completely randomized design with two diets and six replications. The diets used were: diet without soybean oil inclusion (control) and diet with inclusion of 10% soybean oil. The experiment lasted 82 days, with three exercise tests: at the beginning, 60th and 82th day of the experiment. There were five data collections for each test: before the test with the horses at rest, immediately after the test, and at 10, 20 and 120 minutes after each test. Body temperature and rate heart were taken and blood samples were collected to evaluate hematological and biochemical variables.The mean values of the physiological, metalogical and biochemical parameters were submitted to non-parametric analysis.The inclusion of soybean oil only altered the γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and creatinine concentration in function time of intake of the diet. There was effect of trainings time on the horses conditioning that improved with reduction in the lactate concentration while the glucose concentration increased at the last exercise test.